Abstract

Gap junctions are crucial intercellular channels that facilitate direct electrical and metabolic coupling between adjacent cells. In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), these structures, formed by connexin proteins, play fundamental roles in neuronal synchronization, glial network function, and the propagation of signaling molecules. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural organization and diverse functional roles of gap junctions and their constituent connexins within the CNS. We examine the molecular architecture of various connexin isoforms, detailing how their specific expression patterns and biophysical properties contribute to the heterogeneity of intercellular communication. Furthermore, we synthesize recent findings on the involvement of gap junctions in critical physiological processes, including brain development, information processing, and the maintenance of homeostasis. The review also addresses the pathological implications of connexin dysfunction in neurological disorders, such as ischemia, epilepsy, and neuroinflammation. Understanding the intricate structure-function relationship of connexins is vital for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to modulate intercellular communication and restore CNS function.