Abstract

The endothelium, a monolayer of cells lining the interior surface of blood and lymphatic vessels, plays a critical role in maintaining vascular homeostasis, regulating blood flow, and mediating immune responses. Endothelial cell (EC) markers, which are typically transmembrane proteins or surface antigens, serve as essential tools for identifying EC populations, assessing their functional state, and diagnosing various vascular pathologies. This review systematically examines the spectrum of established and emerging EC markers, focusing on their molecular characteristics and expression patterns in both healthy physiological conditions and diverse pathological states. Key markers discussed include adhesion molecules like CD31 (PECAM-1) and VE-cadherin, as well as functional proteins such as von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and various receptor tyrosine kinases (e.g., VEGFRs). The manuscript explores how the differential expression and post-translational modification of these markers reflect endothelial activation, dysfunction, and injury, which are central to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, it highlights the diagnostic and prognostic significance of these markers in clinical practice and their potential as therapeutic targets for anti-angiogenic and vascular-protective strategies. This comprehensive analysis underscores the pivotal role of EC markers in advancing our understanding of vascular biology and developing novel approaches to treat endothelial-related disorders.